Maternal microbiome promotes healthy development of the baby

A mother’s gut microbes can help in the development of the placenta, and the healthy growth of the baby – according to new research from the University of East Anglia, the Quadram Institute and the University of Cambridge.

Researchers studying mice found that a species of gut bacteria, known to have beneficial effects for health in mice and humans, changes the mother’s body during pregnancy and affects the structure of the placenta and nutrient transport, which impacts the growing baby.

The bacteria, Bifidobacterium breve, is widely used as a probiotic, so this study could point to ways of combating pregnancy complications and ensuring a healthy start in life across the population.

Microbes in our gut, collectively called the gut microbiome, are known to play a key role in maintaining health, by combating infections, influencing the immune system and metabolism of the host’s body.

They achieve these beneficial effects by breaking down food in our diet and releasing active metabolites that influence cells and body processes.

Scientists are now starting to unpick these metabolite-mediated interactions between microbes and the body from birth through to how they affect ageing, but so far little is known about how these influence fetal development and baby’s health pre-birth.

The growing fetus receives nutrients and metabolites from its mother, but to what extent those metabolites are influenced by the maternal microbiome, and how this influences pregnancy, haven’t been explored.

To address this, the team analysed how supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve affected pregnancy in mice.

Prof Lindsay Hall, from UEA‘s Norwich Medical School and the Quadram Institute, has been studying Bifidobacterium and the microbiome in very early life, previously showing how providing specific probiotics can help premature babies.

These bacteria rise in numbers in the microbiome during pregnancy in humans and mice, and alterations in its levels have been linked to pregnancy complications.

Prof Hall said: “Our findings reveal that the maternal microbiome promotes development of the placenta and growth of the fetus.

“We think that this is linked to the altered profile of metabolites and nutrients, which affects nutrient transport from mother to baby across the placenta. Excitingly it appears that adding in a probiotic Bifidobacterium during pregnancy may help to boost how the placenta functions, which has positive effects on the baby’s growth in utero.”

Dr Amanda Sferruzzi-Perri, from the University of Cambridge, said: “Pregnancy disorders affect around one in ten pregnant women. This is worrying as pregnancy complications can lead to health problems for the mother and her baby even after the pregnancy.

“This study carried out in mice, identifies a new player in the communication between mother, placenta and fetus, which is the maternal microbiome. Finding out how this form of communication works and how to improve it may help many women who develop pregnancy complications, as well as their developing child.

“Germ-free” mice can be bred lacking any microbes, allowing comparisons with other mice that have a “normal” microbiome. These comparisons provide valuable insights into the role of the microbiome in health and such studies can’t be carried out in humans.

In this study, which was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, they also looked at the effect of feeding germ-free mice the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve.

Their findings are published in the journal Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences and show that the maternal gut microbiome and Bifidobacterium breve specifically, have a role in regulating fetal growth and metabolism.

In the germ-free mice, the fetus did not receive adequate sugar and failed to grow and develop properly. Excitingly, providing Bifidobacterium breve to germ-free mice improved fetal outcomes by restoring fetal metabolism, growth and development to the normal levels.

Lacking the maternal microbiome also hampered the growth of the placenta in a way that would affect fetal growth, and more detailed analysis identified a number of key cell growth and metabolic factors that appear to be regulated by the microbiome and Bifidobacterium breve.

“The placenta has been a neglected organ despite it being vital for the growth and survival of the fetus. A better understanding of how the placenta grows, and functions will ultimately result in healthier pregnancies for mothers and babies,” said Dr Lopez-Tello, from the University of Cambridge.

The researchers also found that the microbiome affected key nutrient transporters, including those for sugars within the placenta that would also influence the growth of the fetus.

These findings are strong indicators of a link between the microbiome of the mother and the development of the baby, but in this first study of its kind there are limitations.

This study focused on one single bacterial species, and whilst this showed that Bifidobacterium breve had positive effects on germ-free mice during pregnancy, this is not a natural situation. Future studies are needed to confirm these effects in a more natural and complex microbiome.

The study was carried out in mice and cannot automatically be translated into treatments for humans. The knowledge provided in this proof-of-concept animal study is critical for guiding future studies in humans that will uncover whether the human maternal microbiome has similar effects.

Certainly, if that is the case, it could provide a relatively simple and low-cost way to help improve pregnancy outcomes with positive benefit for the life-long health of the mother and her child.

‘Maternal gut microbiota Bifidobacterium promotes placental morphogenesis, nutrient transport and fetal growth in mice’ was published in the journal Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences on June 28, 2022.