Genetic Variation Influences Gene Regulatory Actions

Genetic variation determines the actions of gene regulatory factors: A recent study from the University of Eastern Finland shows that genetic variation determines chromatin accessibility and the binding of transcription factors.

Chromatin consists of DNA and proteins attached to it. The density of this packaging is regulated by transcription factors, and DNA accessibility is required for gene expression. The research was published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.

Most of the genetic variation that increases the risk of complex diseases targets regions outside the protein-coding areas of genes.

Transcription factors require binding to a specific DNA sequence within chromatin, and changes to this sequence can prevent binding, thereby influencing gene expression. Chromatin accessibility is often used to identify binding sites for regulatory factors.

The study compared the activity of regulatory regions of genes and gene expression in the liver, as well as responses to a high-fat diet in two genetically distinct mouse strains. These mouse strains are commonly used in studying obesity susceptibility and type 2 diabetes.

No differences were observed within the mouse strains when comparing chromatin accessibility with a regular and high-fat diet. However, significant differences in chromatin accessibility were found between the mouse strains, particularly at chromosomal locations where genetic differences between the strains are located. Moreover, these differences often occurred near genes that are expressed differently between the strains. Thus, genetic variation affects the binding of transcription factors, and these changes are reflected in gene expression.

The study also examined how reliably changes caused by genetic variation in the binding sites of individual transcription factors could be predicted and what type of genomic information this would require. The combination of data describing chromatin accessibility, genetic variation and binding regions of transcription factors provided the best prediction of the binding of transcription factors directly affecting chromatin accessibility. However, the reliability of the prediction was compromised in those cases where the same genetic variation affected the binding sequences of several transcription factors. Therefore, the impact of genetic variation on each transcription factor’s binding must be measured directly.

“This research deepens our understanding of the connections between genetics, modifications to chromatin, and transcription factor actions that direct gene expression. Additionally, the study describes how public datasets can be utilised in investigating the mechanisms behind the hereditary risk factors for complex diseases,” says University Teacher Juho Mononen of the University of Eastern Finland.

The research has been supported by the Research Council of Finland, the Finnish Cultural Foundation’s North Savo Regional Fund, the Diabetes Research Foundation, and the Institute of Biomedicine at the University of Eastern Finland.

Juho Mononen, Mari Taipale, Marjo Malinen, Bharadwaja Velidendla, Einari Niskanen, Anna-Liisa Levonen, Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen, Sami Heikkinen (2023). Genetic variation is a key determinant of chromatin accessibility and drives differences in the regulatory landscape of C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvImJ mice, Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad1225